UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT DECISIONS ON-LINE

1. B., a loyal citizen of the United States, at New Orleans, had been, prior to the rebellion, went of a planter, J., who during the rebellion was a rebel, in the rebel region and lines, within which his plantation was. B. had been in the habit before the war of making advances to J. to assist him in getting forward his crops, and by an agreement with J. was to have a lien on the crops for the advances and a power to sell for repayment. After the war broke out, B., at New Orleans (now reduced to the possession of the federal government), describing himself as "agent" of J., agreed to sell to M., a British subject, also domiciled in New Orleans, a crop on which he had made advances above its value, belonging to J. and then on his said plantation, describing the property as J.'s, and not in any way referring to his own lien on or interest in it. Held that the sale was void, as being a trading with a public enemy.

2. Every kind of trading or commercial dealing or intercourse, whether by transmission of money or of goods or orders for the delivery of either between two countries at war, directly or indirectly or through the intervention of third persons or partnerships or by contracts in any form looking to or involving such transmission, is void.

R. H. Montgomery, a British subject domiciled in New Orleans before and during the war of the rebellion, after clubjuris

Page 82 U. S. 396

the capture of that city by the forces of the United States, in April, 1862, made a written agreement with J. W. Burbridge, a loyal person residing in that city, doing business as Burbridge & Co., and the factor and agent of one Leo Johnson a planter, residing at that time in the Parish of La Fourche, Louisiana, and within the enemy's lines, by which Burbridge & Co., as "the agents of the said Johnson, declared that they had sold, and thereby did sell unto the said R. H. Montgomery, "the following crop belonging to said Johnson on his plantation, in the parish of La Fourche, near La Fourche Crossings, to-wit, 605 hogsheads of sugar, 700 barrels of molasses, and 300 barrels of rum, at the following prices, to-wit, for the sugar at 4 1/2 cents per pound; for the molasses at 20 cents per gallon and for the rum at 50 cents per gallon, the weight and quantity to be determined at the time and upon the delivery thereof in New Orleans.

Montgomery paid to Burbridge & Co. $5,000, the receipt whereof was declared in the agreement to be thereby acknowledged,

"and accepted as so much on account of the first sugar, molasses, or rum delivered to him, said Montgomery, as aforestated, the balance to be paid by said Montgomery at each future delivery of said sugar, molasses, and rum."

The sum of $9,000 was paid afterwards.

Burbridge, on the day of the contract, signed an order directing the overseer of Johnson's plantation

"to deliver to the order of the said R. H. Montgomery the entire crop of sugar, molasses, and rum contained in the sugar house, purgeries &c., on the said plantation, the same,"

said the order, "having been sold to him this day."

All the sugars and produce mentioned by the agreement having, as already said, at the time when it was made, been within the rebel lines of occupation, no actual delivery or possession was taken of any part, nor any attempt made to deliver or take possession until the sugar was brought, sometime afterwards, into the federal lines by the forces of the United States.

On the 9th of September, 1862, General Butler, then commanding at New Orleans, issued a proclamation whereby, clubjuris

Page 82 U. S. 397

among other things, all the property within the district known as the district of La Fourche, and including the plantation where the sugar in question then was, was sequestrated, and all sales and transfers of the same forbidden and declared to be invalid. A commission was appointed to take possession of the property and make an accurate inventory of the same, and to gather and collect all personal property covered by the proclamation and to dispose of it in the manner therein provided. Immediately after the issuing of this order, the government forces took possession of Johnson's plantation and delivered to the commission about 500 hogsheads of sugar (being a portion of that embraced in the contract), which they sold, paying the net proceeds, amounting to $37,351, into the Treasury of the United States.

Burbridge & Co., for two years before May, 1862, had been the factors and agents of Johnson and had made advances to him to enable him to secure his crops, and Johnson owed them for such advances, prior to December 9, 1862, $131,000. Burbridge & Co., as a part of the original agreement made between them and Johnson were to have a lien on, and were authorized to make sale of, the crop of sugars and produce on the plantation for the purpose of reimbursing themselves the amount of their advances. The sugars &c., in question were of the crop of the year 1860 and 1861.

Montgomery now filed in the Court of Claims a claim for the proceeds of the sugar, under the Captured and Abandoned Property Act of March 12, 1863, which enacts, among other things:

"That any person claiming to have been the owner of such abandoned and captured property may at any time within two years bring his action. . . . And on proof, to the satisfaction of said court, of his ownership of said property and of his right to the proceeds thereof may recover"

&c.

The Court of Claims held that the appellant was not entitled to recover. They said, among other things:

"A careful examination of the agreement between Burbridge

Page 82 U. S. 398

& Co. and the claimant (admitting the authority of Burbridge & Co. to make it) satisfies us that no ownership of the property vested in Montgomery. The transaction did not constitute a sale, but only an executory contract for a future sale and delivery. . . . Where a sale is agreed upon of goods and anything remains to be done to ascertain the quantity or price, the property in such case does not vest in the buyer until this is done."

The court also assumed, apparently, that property situated outside of the federal lines and within the rebel lines was not a lawful subject matter of sale between parties such as these were. [Footnote 1] The court accordingly dismissed the petition, and Montgomery now brought the case here on appeal. clubjuris

Page 82 U. S. 399

MR. JUSTICE STRONG, delivered the opinion of the Court.

Whether the contract under which the appellant claims to have become the owner of the sugar, molasses, and rum was so far executed that, without more, it would have passed the property, had it been legal, it is unnecessary to consider, for we are of opinion that whether executed or executory, it was illegal and void. It was a clear case of trading with a public enemy. The subject of the contract was personal property within the Confederate lines. It was a crop at the time on the plantation of Leo Johnson in the Parish of La Fourche, near La Fourche Crossings. It belonged also to Johnson, who was then domiciled in the enemy's territory, and who was himself an enemy. This is expressly stated in the contract itself. The appellant's right, therefore, is founded upon an attempted purchase, during the war, from an enemy, of enemy's property, in direct violation not only of the laws which always prevail in a state of war, but also in violation of the acts of Congress. It is vain to contend that any right can be acquired under such a contract.

It is true the sale was negotiated by agents of Johnson living outside of the enemy's territory, but it was not the less his act because it was done by those acting under his clubjuris

Page 82 U. S. 400

authority. Nothing is clearer, says President Woolsey, [Footnote 2] than that all commercial transactions of whatever kind (except ransom contracts) with the subjects or in the territory of the enemy, whether direct or indirect, as through an agent or partner who is neutral, are illegal and void. This is not inconsistent with the doctrine that a resident in the territory of one belligerent may have in times of war an agent residing in the territory of the other belligerent to whom his debtor may pay the debt or deliver property in discharge of it. Such payments or deliveries involve no intercourse between enemies. The present case exhibits a transaction not wholly within enemy's territory, but a sale from an enemy to a friend. If that can be made through an agent, then the rule which prohibits commercial intercourse is a mere regulation of the mode of trade. It may be evaded by simply maintaining an agency in the enemy's territory. In this way, every pound of cotton or of sugar might have been purchased by Northern traders from those engaged in the rebellion. Perhaps the rule is stated too broadly in Woolsey's Commentaries and in many elementary books, but it is certain that

"every kind of trading or commercial dealing or intercourse, whether by transmission of money or of goods, or orders for the delivery of either between two countries (at war), directly or indirectly or through the intervention of third persons or partnerships or by contracts in any form looking to or involving such transmission,"

is prohibited. [Footnote 3] The contract in this case contemplated the delivery of the sugar, molasses, and rum at New Orleans, then within the federal lines. There, on its being weighed and measured, payment was to be made to Johnson's agents. If this be allowed, the enemy is benefited and his property is protected from seizure or confiscation.

It has been argued that because Burbridge & Co., the agents, had a lien upon the property for advances made by them and had also a power to sell for the repayment of their advances, the sale which was made ought not to be regarded clubjuris

Page 82 U. S. 401

as a sale by Johnson. Yet the only authority they had to sell at all resulted either from express power given to them by the owner or from the relation to him in which they then stood. They might have sold their lien or the debt secured by it, and had they done so, the sale would have involved no trading with the enemy. But they undertook to sell Johnson's property, describing it as such in the instrument of sale and describing themselves as Johnson's agents. Very clearly, in effect, the parties to the transaction were the appellant and a public enemy. For this reason, the judgment is

Affirmed.

[Footnote 1]

See 5 Ct.Cl. 658.

[Footnote 2]

International Law, § 117.

[Footnote 3]

Kershaw v. Kelsey, 100 Mass. 561.