UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT DECISIONS ON-LINE

1. The purpose of a stipulation fixing the value of the vessel in a marine hull insurance policy undertaking to indemnify insured irrespective of the actual value is to dispense with proof of value in establishing the extent of liability assumed on the policy. P. 304 U. S. 434.

2. Such a valuation clause, beyond its controlling effect in determining the insurance liability, does not operate, either as an estoppel or by agreement, to exclude proof of actual value when relevant. P. 304 U. S. 435.

3. The valued policy, like an open policy, is a contract of indemnity; in either case the indemnitor is entitled to share in the insured's recovery of damages for loss of the ship only by clubjuris

Page 304 U. S. 431

way of subrogation, the sole object of which is to make indemnity to the insured up to the amount of the policy the measure of the liability of the insurer. P. 304 U. S. 436.

4. There is no analogy between the insurer's right to be subrogated to the fruits of the insured's recovery from a wrongdoer and the insurer's right to a wreck which is his by abandonment. P. 304 U. S. 437.

5. Underwriters insured the hull of a vessel by policies in which the value of the hull was agreed upon at an amount stated, and each of which provided for a stipulated indemnity to the owner irrespective of the actual value of the vessel. The agreed value was less than the actual value of the hull, so that the owner was uninsured for the difference. As protection against the risk, the owner procured from English underwriters additional P.P.I. (policy proof of interest) policies which waived all right of subrogation and were "honor" policies payable only at the option of the insurers, because unenforceable under the applicable Act of Parliament. Upon a total loss of the vessel by collision with a vessel of the United States, all the policies were paid in full. Thereafter, the owner and the underwriters upon the valued policies joined in pressing their claims against the United States, and, in a suit under a special Act of Congress not allowing recovery of interest, there was recovery of the value of the vessel, much exceeding the total insurance. Held that, in the adjustment, the insurers upon the valued policies were entitled by way of subrogation to no more than the amounts they had paid on their policies, without interest, less their respective shares of the expenses attending the recovery. North of England Iron S.S. Ins. Assn. v. Armstrong, (1870) L.R. 5 Q.B. 244, disapproved. P. 304 U. S. 438.

The insurers submitted no interest computations and made no effort to sustain the burden of proving that the owner had received more than indemnity for the delay in payment of so much of the loss as was not covered by insurance.

92 F.2d 576 affirmed.

Certiorari, 303 U.S. 631, to review affirmances, with modifications, of judgments for interest and expenses recovered by three marine insurance companies in actions at law against the owner of a lost vessel. By agreement, the actions were tried together to the court and one juror. The trial court directed verdicts. clubjuris

Page 304 U. S. 432

MR. JUSTICE STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.

The question for decision is how far hull insurers upon a valued marine insurance policy are entitled, in case of total loss, to participate by way of subrogation in a recovery by the insured against a tortfeasor responsible for the loss.

In 1918, petitioners, with several other underwriters, insured the hull of respondent's vessel, the Almirante, by policies in which it was agreed that the value of the hull was $632,610, materially less than its true value. The policies provided for a stipulated indemnity to the owner "irrespective of the value of the vessel," and that the owner was free to effect other insurance to any amount and without disclosure of the amounts so insured. As the total of the valued policies was $582,002.25, respondent was co-insurer for about $50,000, and, so far as the valued hull policies were concerned, it was uninsured to the extent of any loss in excess of the stipulated value. As protection against these risks, respondent procured from English underwriters additional P.P.I. (policy proof of interest) insurance, aggregating £65,105, partly upon hull and partly against other losses incidental to total loss of the vessel. The P.P.I. policies waived all rights of subrogation, and were "honor" policies, concededly payable only at the option of the insurers because unenforceable under the Act of Parliament of December 31, 1906, § 4. Edwards & Co. v. Motor Union Insurance Co., [1922] 2 K.B.D. 249. clubjuris

Page 304 U. S. 433

In 1918, the Almirante became a total loss as the result of a collision with the steamship Hisko, a vessel belonging to the United States Government. The underwriters of both the valued policies and the P.P.I. policies paid them in full. The former joined with respondent in retaining attorneys to press the claims for collision damages against the United States. Suit brought against the United States under a special act of Congress, resulted in a recovery which included $1,750,000 as the value of the vessel, but without interest, since the act did not authorize allowance of interest. Compare Boston Sand & Gravel Co. v. United States, 278 U. S. 41, 278 U. S. 47. Distribution of the proceeds of the suit was made in accordance with a computation by insurance adjusters who apportioned the expenses of the suit among respondent and the underwriters, and allotted to the latter the amounts they had paid on their policies without interest, less their respective shares of the expenses.

Petitioners, who are underwriters on some of the valued hull policies, brought the present suit in the district court for southern New York to participate in respondent's recovery against the United States. Relying on the valuation clause of their policies as conclusively fixing the value of the vessel for all purposes of the adjustment, they contest the allotment, insisting that they should bear no part of the expenses, and that they are entitled to interest on the amounts of their policies from the several dates on which they were paid. They also make, but do not stress here, the point that the hull insurers are entitled to the whole recovery. The district court gave judgment for the full amount which petitioners had paid on their policies, without deduction for expenses but without addition of interest. 18 F.Supp. 441. On appeal by both parties, the Circuit Court of Appeals held that petitioners were entitled to neither clubjuris

Page 304 U. S. 434

interest nor expenses, and modified the judgment accordingly. 92 F.2d 576. We granted certiorari, 303 U.S. 631, because of the admitted conflict of the decision below with that of the Court of Queen's Bench in North of England Iron S.S. Ins. Assn. v. Armstrong (1870) L.R. 5 Q.B. 244. See Queen Insurance Co. v. Globe & Rutgers Fire Ins. Co., 263 U. S. 487, 263 U. S. 493; Gulf Refining Co. v. Atlantic Mutual Ins. Co., 279 U. S. 708, 279 U. S. 715.

Petitioners' argument turns upon their contention that the valuation clause, either by estoppel or by contract, is conclusive between the parties for all purposes, and that, as respondent has recovered from the Government more than the stipulated value of the vessel, petitioners are entitled to the benefit of the recovery, at least to the full extent of the payments on their policies with interest. We think that the valuation clause in its usual form does not operate as an estoppel or by agreement to foreclose proof that actual value exceeds agreed value when the question is of the insurer's right to subrogation. The application of the agreed value to the insurance adjustment does not depend upon estoppel, Gulf Refining Co. v. Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co., supra, 279 U. S. 712; British & Foreign Marine Ins. Co. v. Maldonado & Co., 182 F.7d 4, and there can be no basis for an estoppel, at least where, as here, the policy provisions undertake to indemnify the insured irrespective of the value of the vessel and contemplate that the insured may effect other insurance. The valuation stipulation fixes in advance of loss the value of the vessel so as to avoid the necessity of proof of value in order to establish the extent of the liability assumed on the policy. The agreed value, honestly arrived at, thus stands in the place of prime value under an open marine policy, Gulf Refining Co. v. Atlantic Mutual Ins. Co., supra, 279 U. S. 711; St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Pure Oil Co., 63 F.2d 771, and resembles, in its practical operation, a stipulation for liquidated damages. clubjuris

Page 304 U. S. 435

But, beyond its controlling effect in determining the insurance liability, the clause does not operate to exclude proof of actual value when relevant. Even in an action on the policy, the actual, rather than the agreed, value has been held to be controlling for the purpose of determining whether there is a constructive total loss. 37 U. S. 399; Irving v. Manning, 6 C.B. 391 (H. of L.). In the case of partial insurance of cargo under a valued policy, the insured is treated as a co-insurer, and is allowed to recover on the policy only such proportion of the loss as the insured value bears to the actual value, a computation which necessarily requires proof of the actual value in order to establish the co-insurance relationship. Gulf Refining Co. v. Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co., supra, 279 U. S. 710-711; see International Navigation Co. v. Atlantic Mutual Ins. Co., 100 F.3d 4, 318, aff'd per curiam, 108 F.9d 7; Arnould on Marine Insurance, 11th Edition, § 340; Eldridge on Marine Policies, 2d Edition, p. 90. It is true, as was pointed out in Gulf Refining Co. v. Atlantic Mutual Ins. Co., supra, that, in case of valued hull policies, losses resulting in repairs are customarily paid in full not because of agreement or estoppel, but because partial losses to hull usually result in repairs without any valuation of the hull, and the rule that the recovery shall be measured by repairs has been found more convenient in practice than one requiring determination of the sound value of the ship. See Lohre v. Aitchison, L.R. 2 Q.B.D. 501, 507. The same rule as in the case of cargo insurance has been applied when repairs were not made and value was established by the sale of the vessel, Pitman v. Universal Marine Ins. Co., L.R. 9 Q.B.D.192, and in the case of general average contribution by the hull. S.S. "Balmoral" Co. v. Marten,@ [1902] App.Cas. 511, 514-515. The peculiar rule of the insurer's liability for partial loss to hull when repairs are made does not depend on the valuation clause, and affords clubjuris

Page 304 U. S. 436

no basis for treating it as excluding the insured as co-insurer when there is a total loss.

These variations in the effect of the valuation clause, in fixing the liability of the insurer, do not alter the character of the valued policy as a contract of indemnity, or afford any basis for alteration of his rights as an indemnitor. Whether, upon a valued or an open policy, he is entitled to share in the insured's recovery of damages only by way of subrogation, whose sole object and justification is to make indemnity to the insured up to the amount of the policy, the measure of the liability of the insurer. Standard Marine Ins. Co. v. Scottish Metropolitan Assurance Co., 283 U. S. 284, 283 U. S. 288; Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v. Phoenix National Bank & Trust Co., 285 U. S. 209, 285 U. S. 214; Chapman v. Hoage, 296 U. S. 526, 296 U. S. 531. The doctrine now contended for would require a radical departure from the principle on which subrogation is founded. Consistently applied, it would in some cases deprive the insured of indemnity, and indeed might enable the insurer to make a profit by recovering more from the insured than the amounts paid on the policy. We are unable to sanction a doctrine involving such consequences.

No question is raised by the petition for certiorari, or appears to have been raised below, as to the correctness of the adjustment statement if the valuation clause does not foreclose proof of actual value and if respondent is therefore to be regarded as a co-insurer of the hull in event of total loss. Petitioners make no contention that respondent, if so regarded, has received more than appropriate indemnity after the distribution of the proceeds of the collision suit. The total insurance received by respondent from the insurers in 1918 and 1919, aggregating $886,068, was approximately $863,932 less than the prime value of the vessel which, some thirteen years later, it recovered in the collision suit, without allowance of interest and after the expenditure of more than $300,000 as clubjuris

Page 304 U. S. 437

costs of the litigation. Petitioners submit no interest computations, and have otherwise made no effort to sustain the burden of proving that respondent has received more than indemnity for the delay in payment of as much of the loss as was not covered by insurance.

Since the expenses have been apportioned by charging the insured with a proportion greater than its share of the risk, and the apportionment is not assailed except as it may be wholly precluded by the valuation clause, it is unnecessary to consider whether the distribution of expense should be upon principles of co-insurance or whether the insured should be fully indemnified for it before the insurer is entitled to subrogation.

Petitioners point to no practice of underwriters with respect to the valued policy or its rate of premium as compared with that for the open policy, which supports the rule for which they contend. But they insist that it has been adopted in England, and has become so well settled in New York, where the insurance was effected, that it must be taken to be an implied term of the policies. It is true that North of England Iron S.S. Ins. Assn. v. Armstrong, supra, lends support to petitioners' argument. There, upon a total loss, the insured had recovered as collision damages an amount less than the agreed valuation, and it was held that the insurer, who had paid the policy in full, was entitled to have the benefit of the entire recovery. The court thought that the case was analogous to that of abandonment in case of a constructive total loss where the underwriter, by virtue of the abandonment, is entitled to the wreck and to such profit from it as he can make. Pursuing the logic of its reasoning, the court declared that the insurer would have been entitled to the insured's full recovery even if it exceeded the agreed value. But it seems plain that there is no analogy between the insurer's right to be subrogated to the fruits of the insured's recovery from a wrongdoer clubjuris

Page 304 U. S. 438

and the insurer's right to a wreck which is his by abandonment. The Potomac, 105 U. S. 630, 105 U. S. 634; The St. Johns, 101 F.4d 9, 472; Arnould on Marine Insurance, 11th Edition, §§ 1228-1230.

North of England Iron S.S. Ins. Assn. v. Armstrong, supra, was cited in The Potomac, supra, 105 U. S. 635, and in Mobile & Montgomery Ry. Co. v. Jurey, 111 U. S. 584, 111 U. S. 594-595, neither of which involved the question now presented. It was followed in The St. Johns, but not to the extent of allowing a profit to the insurer. In The Livingstone, 130 F.7d 6, the claim of a valued hull insurer to the whole collision recovery, which exceeded the agreed value, was denied upon reasoning which rejected that of North of England Iron S.S. Ins. Assn. v. Armstrong, supra, and The St. Johns, supra, and calls for affirmance of the judgment here. Interest was allowed to the insurer, apparently because interest on the full value of the vessel had been recovered in the damage suit. Without discussing the point, the court, by its mandate, directed payment to the underwriters of the full amount of their policies, without deduction for expenses. But, as it considered that the insurer's right of recovery rested upon subrogation unaffected by the valuation clause, we cannot regard the case as an intentional departure from the rule that the insurer is entitled to subrogation only after the insured is appropriately indemnified, or as establishing any rule that the valuation clause forecloses proof of actual value as a step in measuring the insurer's recovery by way of subrogation.

We recognize that established doctrines of English maritime law are to be accorded respect here, Queen Ins. Co. v. Globe & Rutgers Fire Ins. Co., supra, 263 U. S. 493; Gulf Refining Co. v. Atlantic Mutual Ins. Co., supra, 279 U. S. 715, but the pronouncement in North of England Iron S.S. Ins. Assn. v. Armstrong, supra, has never been adopted by clubjuris

Page 304 U. S. 439

an English appellate court. It was doubted by eminent judges in Burnand v. Rodocanachi [1882] L.R. 7 App.Cas. 333, 342, and in Thames & Mersey Marine Ins. Co. v. British & Chilean S.S. Co., [1915] L.R. 2 K.B. 214, 221. Its reasoning, conflicting as it does with established principles of maritime insurance law and found to be incapable of consistent application both in The St. Johns, supra, 474-475, and in The Livingstone, supra, 750, should be rejected here.

Affirmed.

MR. JUSTICE CARDOZO took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

* Together with No. 774, Union Marine & General Ins. Co. v. United Fruit Co., and No. 775, Boston Insurance Co. v. Same, also on writs of certiorari to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.